Caesar (civil ruler) over the pope (Church officers)

• Caesar (civil ruler) over the pope (Church officers)

• Began with Constantine in A.D. 313 making Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.

• Still followed in Eastern Orthodox Church – State appoints Patriarch

• Church extends as far as political boundaries (Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, etc.)

• Claim that Church and State work as equals in “symphony” – but State can fire Patriarch at whim